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Bank Management

Interview of Olivier Klein, CEO of BRED Group, from BRED 2021 activity report

How were the BRED Group’s results in 2021?

The BRED Group achieved excellent results in 2021, with an NBI of €1,456m and net income of €412m, up respectively by 61% and 129% since 2012. The BRED Group’s cost-to- income ratio of 55.1% and the change in its shareholders’ equity emphasise the effectiveness and strength of our bank, and its ability to contribute, alongside its customers, to the development of its territories.

These achievements are driven by all of our businesses, and in particular by commercial banking in France, which recorded an increase in revenue in 2021 of 5.4% and a continuous cumulative increase of 50% since 2012, thereby easily outperforming the market. Abroad, the BRED Group has also strengthened its positioning with growth in NBI of 25.7% at constant exchange rates, despite the closure of borders due to the pandemic in some countries where we are present. Finally, our trading desk maintained a very good level of earnings.

2021 was also a year in which BRED achieved recognition. In particular, it was chosen by the European Commission to place its bond issues, won second prize in the category “best affiliated private bank” at the Sommet du Patrimoine et de la Performance, won an award for the best banking individual retirement savings plan on the market, and was awarded the Label of Excellence by the Dossiers de l’Épargne. Not forgetting that its subsidiary in Laos was named the best corporate bank in the country.

However, beyond the figures and awards in 2021, what I retain above all from that year, and what represents our main source of collective pride, is the relevance of the strategy introduced ten years ago: banking without distance, which has given rise in recent years to “100% advisory banking”. This strategy is an unprecedented source of resilience in an environment that is still heavily constrained by the structure of interest rates, the technological revolution, and more recently by the health crisis. It has guided all our decisions to combine the protection of employees with support for our customers and territories. Applied to each of our businesses, it has enabled us to achieve outstanding performance over the last ten years.

What is the strength of the “banking without distance” strategy?

Behind this approach and at the basis of our culture of efficiency is a multidimensional philosophy of proximity and added value.

Local proximity to our customers first of all, which we have endeavoured to strengthen in recent years and to significantly improve. Indeed, banking without distance shows the BRED Group’s ability to meet the ever-increasing expectations of individuals, professionals and companies of all sizes, both in terms of the overall long-term relationship and of services and advice. It shows the relationship of trust that we are continually striving to enhance: trust in our ability to support our customers on a long-term basis in their personal or corporate projects. Trust as well in our ability to meet their needs for financing, sound investments and data protection.

This philosophy also covers our proximity to the territories. We are a cooperative bank, with a particularly strong role in the territories where we are established, both in France and abroad. We are in perfect harmony with them, with converging interests. If one day, one of our territories shows lower profitability than others, the savings collected there will be used to finance the development of projects in those territories, and will not be allocated to another territory offering better profitability.

The third aspect of proximity concerns decision-making; our customers know the people ultimately in charge at BRED and its banking subsidiaries, and decisions are made at the most local level.

Finally, managerial proximity, which is just as essential, because commercial banking is a business that involves consulting, and the ability to mobilise teams to support customers sets us apart. Our employees are involved in the strategy, we give them the keys not only to understand it but also to be key players in it.

The added value of advice to all our customers is one of the foundations of our strategy. Customers, who are better- informed and more exacting, expect to have advisers who can meet their specific needs, and who are highly competent. This is what the BRED Group strives to offer and which has resulted in the emergence of “100% advisory banking”.

The BRED Group works in two related but different worlds: those of transaction banking and advisory banking. How has your banking without distance strategy affected the way you deal with convergent but different needs?

Banking without distance means knowing that it is essential to be one of the best players in digital technology, but this is not enough. The future of the BRED Group is therefore also rooted in the philosophy of an overall close relationship that we mentioned earlier.

Based on this conviction, we have created a banking model that is as efficient in the field of transactions as online- only banks, but with a crucial extra element that makes it possible to completely satisfy customer requirements: high value-added personalised support. We have undertaken to enhance the overall close relationship that BRED maintains with its customers, in each of its territories, by focussing our thinking on human capital, which is irreplaceable. Far from closing our branches, we have reorganised them to dedicate them entirely to advisory banking. We have continued to train our employees in order to perfect their expertise in the customer segment they cover, thereby improving our quality of advice, responsiveness and proactiveness.

At the same time, we have invested heavily in new technologies to offer a better customer experience, in particular with a daily banking application recognised as one of the best on the market. Furthermore, we have used digital technology to free our advisers and support departments from low value-added tasks. Finally, we have developed non-banking services.

How is your status as a cooperative bank also a strength?

Although our banking without distance strategy has guided us for almost 10 years, the cooperative dimension represents our roots. Our members are customers, men and women from all sectors who contribute to the economic and social dynamics of the territories where we are present.

This model meets our customers’ expectations, as is shown by the success of BRED’s capital increases.

Thanks to this original status, BRED’s strategy does not depend on the financial markets, their volatility and herd behaviour, such as the very short-term pressure they impose.

Our cooperative model looks to the long term, and is inclusive and committed to the territories, and is therefore more relevant than ever, as in essence it tackles the major transitions currently under way, and makes the issue of social engagement central to our model, our strategy and our governance.

As a cooperative bank, without distance, BRED combines a philosophy of proximity and added value, with a culture of efficiency and collective share ownership.

To cope with the challenges of the future, it will continue to deploy this joint model of capitalism with a positive impact, in which the customers and members, as well as the employees and the company as a whole, are central to its strategy.

Read BRED’s full 2021 activity report

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Bank Economical policy Finance

Can the risk of financial instability come from non-banks?

Practices, but also accounting rules, have their influence on the behaviour of banks and the non-banking sector, two complementary but competing segments. Regulation also has its role. Hence the need to think about regulation for non-banks.

The financial system, which matches the financing capacities of some with the needs of others, consists of banks and financial markets. These two components of the system have partly identical and partly separate roles. Both help finance economic players. Market finance has seen a sharp increase in its share worldwide since the great financial crisis. It now accounts for around 50% of financing in general, and 30% in the corporate sector. It is also useful that investment funds, asset managers and institutional investors, major players on the financial markets, take part in financing. Because banks alone cannot guarantee the full amount to be financed.

Markets accept risks denied by banks

In addition, they can provide capital to companies that find getting finance from banks more difficult, including start-ups and innovation in general. Explanations: the credit risk of these sectors is generally too high for banks, which must protect the deposits entrusted to them. Investment funds may accept that they may lose more, if on average capital gains on companies that will survive and succeed are greater than losses, with the final risk being taken by end investors who accept it.

The two types of player in the financial system are also different in terms of financial stability. Firstly, because banks record the historical value of the loans they grant on their balance sheets. They must provision for the risk on a statistical basis, but also on a case-by-case basis depending on their assessment of a possible deterioration in each borrower’s ability to repay. However, changes in average opinions on risk quality are not taken into account and do not result in any accounting changes.

A different approach to risk

The approach is completely different for funds: they must record the change in the market value of their financial investments at each point in time, in accordance with fair value accounting rules.  This leads to a significant difference in behaviour between banks and funds. Banks choose to grant credit based on their analysis of the borrower’s ability to repay over time. For their part, funds choose to buy bonds, for example, based on what they think about changes in the market’s majority view on the value of the risk premium allocated to the borrower. Why lend if they think the value of the bond will fall in the near future, even if they are not ultimately worried about non‑repayment? Unless strongly conditioned by the prospect of securitisation of the loans granted or the resale of risks by CDS, banks’ behaviour is therefore much more stable by nature than that of funds, whose valuation mechanisms are much more volatile, since they are much more related to self-referential behaviour on the markets.

On the other hand, funds do not take on financial risks themselves. Credit, interest rate and liquidity risks are in fact left in the hands of end investors, households or companies. In the case of banking intermediation, banks bear these risks on their own income statements. And they do so in a professional, regulated and supervised manner. This allows households and businesses not to take these risks if they do not have the competence or the desire to do so.

Increased risk-taking from very low rates

Banks and non-bank financial intermediaries such as funds are therefore both very useful, both competitive and complementary. But the portion granted to each in the global financial system plays a major role in overall stability or instability.  We should add a fundamental point, which the major central banks are currently addressing. Since the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the regulation of banks has increased significantly, notably through the required capital adequacy ratios (more equity for identical risks) and the setting of restrictive ratios limiting liquidity risk. There is no such regulation for non-bank financial intermediaries.

However, the monetary policy of very low interest rates for a very long time has gradually led financial players, on behalf of savers, to seek returns by increasingly taking on risk. In terms of credit risk -including increasingly high leverage effects- with squashed risk premiums. And in terms of liquidity risk, by further extending the maturities of credit securities and lowering the expected level of their liquidity. This has made fund assets significantly more vulnerable, as highlighted by all the studies of organisations responsible for supervising financial stability around the world. The risk can thus be pushed out of the banking system and onto non-bank financial agents, without control.

Beware of moral hazard!

The violent financial crisis of March 2020, triggered by the expected impact of the pandemic, was fortunately brought swiftly under control by the central banks. They acted very strongly and very quickly. In this regard, it demonstrated the resilience of banks, but also the vulnerability of many funds. Central banks had to buy very large amounts of securities from funds in difficulty, including high yield. They had to prevent a catastrophic chain of events, due in particular to sudden withdrawals from end investors that these funds could not absorb without incurring excessive losses or without a major liquidity crisis.

Prudential and macro-prudential regulation cannot do everything, but it is essential to mitigate the natural procyclicality of finance and to prevent the risk of financial instability as much as possible. It must now be extended and adapted to non-banking financial intermediaries. It is also essential to combat moral hazard, because without preventive regulation and with bail-outs during major crises, risk-taking may be ever higher, with no limit or almost, thanks to a free option given by central banks against serious incidents. Finally, the proportion between banks and non-banks in the financial system as a whole must also be subject to adequate analysis and policies to determine the most favourable balance for both growth and financial stability.

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Bank

Annual results 2021

SUSTAINED AND REGULAR GROWTH IN NBI SINCE 2012
HISTORIC RESULTS IN 2021

In 2021 :

INCREASE IN NET BANKING INCOME OF +13.5%
NET BANKING INCOME €1,456.1 M

GROWTH IN NBI IN COMMERCIAL BANKING FRANCE (+5.4%)
AND THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION (+25.7% at constant exchange rate)

CAPITAL MARKETS DIVISION RESULTS MAINTAINED AT A HIGH LEVEL

EXCELLENT COST/INCOME RATIO AT 55.1%

NET INCOME OF €412.4 M, UP 52.7%

NEW SUCCESSFUL CAPITAL INCREASE (€120 M) TO SUPPORT BRED’S DEVELOPMENT

STRONG GROWTH IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY TO €5.8 bn (+14.8%)

VERY GOOD CET1 CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO AT 16.5%

“Our very good results for 2021 across all of our activities are part of a long chronicle of growth. They are driven by the intensification of the global value-added relationship of proximity in each of our customer segments, from individuals to companies of all sizes, in France and internationally. Our banking without distance strategy, with the deployment of 100% advisory branches since 2019, is once again showing its full relevance. Its cost/income ratio and the trend in shareholders’ equity underscore the solidity of the BRED Group,” explains Olivier Klein, Chief Executive Officer of the BRED Group.

Earnings on the increase, with sustained NBI growth over the past 9 years

The BRED Group recorded a sharp increase in net banking income (NBI) (13.5%) to €1,456.1 M.

These figures bear witness to the success of the banking without distance strategy implemented by BRED over the past few years, both in France (mainland, overseas departments and New Caledonia) and in the emerging countries in which it operates: Djibouti, Cambodia, Laos, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji, focusing on both digital and high value-added consulting.

The remarkable growth in NBI is driven by all business lines and in particular commercial banking in France (including ALM), which recorded an increase in NBI of 5.4% and continuous cumulative growth from 2012 to 2021 of 50%. This is due to the banking without distance model which fosters a global value-added proximity relationship with each customer segment. The increase in outstanding customer loans (+14%) remained very dynamic over the whole of 2021. The BRED network also continued to mobilise its efforts to support the economy and its customers, with nearly 15,000 state guaranteed loans (PGE) for an amount of €2.3 bn disbursed since the system was put in place.

The International and Overseas Territories banking division posted a 25.7% increase in NBI at constant exchange rates. It benefited from an excellent performance in the financing of international trade in Geneva and from the strong growth of its commercial banking activity, particularly in the Fiji Islands and Cambodia.

The Capital Markets activity maintained a very good level of results and contributed 9% to the BRED Group’s NBI.

The consolidated investment management business grew strongly due in particular to the excellent performance of the private equity portfolio.

[1]The NBI of the banking subsidiaries and controlling interests abroad is stated here according to the percentage of the holding, irrespective of the accounting treatment.

Operating expenses increased by 1.7% restated for non-recurring items and the increase in variable remuneration resulting from the improvement in results. This reflects the continuous effort of investment in information systems and the digitization of processes, investment in the modernization of the branch network and in training, as well as in international expansion. Total operating expenses increased by 5.5%.

Gross operating income, up 27.4% (28.1% excluding non-recurring items), benefited from the sharp increase in NBI.

Down by more than 12 points since 2012, the cost/income ratio stood at 55.1% (on accounting income and 55.2% excluding non-recurring items), an excellent level for the French banking sector.

The cost of risk amounted to €124 M, down 23%, with no reversal of provisions on performing loans (stages 1 and 2).

Net income, BRED Group share reached a record level of €412.4 M, up 52.7%.

*The decline in 2020 is due to the prudent provisioning of the cost of risk potentially generated by the pandemic.

Very strong solvency and liquidity ratios

Shareholders’ equity amounted to €5.8 bn, up 14.8% over the year thanks to the excellent level of net income and a capital increase of €120 M. The CET1 capital adequacy ratio stands at a very good level of 16.55% and the overall ratio at 16.77%.

The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) stood at 138% at December 31, 2021 for a minimum regulatory requirement of 100%. BRED’s Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) came in at 109% at 31 December 2021 for a minimum regulatory requirement of 100%.

About BRED

BRED is a cooperative people’s bank, supported by its 200,000 members, €5.8 bn in equity and 6,300 employees – 30% of whom work outside mainland France and the French Overseas Departments. It operates in the Greater Paris region, Normandy and in the French overseas territories, as well as through its commercial banking subsidiaries in Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, the Horn of Africa and Switzerland.

As a community bank with strong ties in local areas, it has a network of 475 locations in France and abroad. It maintains a long-term relationship with 1.3 M customers.

As part of the BPCE Group, BRED Banque Populaire operates in a variety of activity sectors – retail banking, corporate and institutional banking, wealth management, international banking, asset management, trading, insurance, and international trade financing.

In 2021, BRED generated consolidated NBI of €1.46 bn (+13.5%) and its net income amounted to €412 M, up 52.7%.

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Bank

BRED Bank widely recognised and rewarded in 2021 !

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Bank Global economy

Conference on « The rise of financial instability»

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Bank Economical policy

Inflation could be good news for banks

As we all know, and contrary to what we sometimes read, low interest rates are not in themselves a bad thing for banks. For them, what matters is not so much interest rates as the slope of the interest rate curve. Note that in France, for example, loans, such as home loans and investment loans, are on average fairly long term and mostly fixed rate, whereas deposits are fairly short term, and are either non-interest-bearing or term deposits, which bear interest indexed to short-term rates.

If the difference between long- and short-term rates is large enough, it does not matter whether interest rates are high or low. The same slope generates the same net interest margin (NIM). On the other hand, very low long-term rates of close to zero do not enable a steep enough interest rate curve to generate an adequate NIM. This is with good reason, as deposits with negative interest rates are far from attractive and are difficult for households and small and medium-sized businesses to accept.

Rising interest rates is favorable to the NIM

In practice, banks quickly see an increase in their NIMs if the interest rate curve moves steadily upwards. The reverse also applies. This counter-intuitive effect is due to loans being rolled over faster than savings. When short- and long-term interest rates rise, the average outstanding loan rate rises faster than the average outstanding deposit rate, which is usually indexed to regulated rates.

Conversely, when the curve falls, interest rate adjustments and early home loan repayments gather pace. Households therefore benefit from the drop in interest rates, while liability-side investments by households, in housing savings plans, for example, are rolled over less quickly, as households want to keep the previous, more advantageous rates, for longer.

The European Central Bank’s crucial role in the equation

What impact might inflation therefore have on banks’ NIMs through the change in interest rates? Given what they are announcing, the most likely scenario is that central banks will reduce their quantitative easing by gradually stopping their net purchases of long-term securities on the markets, or tapering, before raising their key rate, i.e. short-term rates. This could have a positive effect on banks’ NIMs, since long-term rates could rise faster than short-term rates, thereby steepening a slope that is currently very flat.

This would also be good policy, as the central banks would gradually stop underpinning financing conditions, as growth and inflation picked up, while allowing banks to effectively finance loan applications thanks to the lessened impact of quantitative easing on profitability. This positive effect should not, however, obscure the impact of the simultaneous disappearance of the support provided to banks by central banks, particularly through tiering and Targeted Longer-Term Refinancing Operations (TLTROs) in the euro zone.

Another factor that should now be considered is volumes. Movements due to the interest rate effect, i.e. the change in NIMs, may be more or less offset by the volume effect, in other words changes in loan and deposit outstandings. In fact, by setting off the interest rate effect against the volume effect you ultimately arrive at the change, by value, in the NIM itself.

A cautious normalisation of monetary policy would theoretically have a positive impact overall. If rates were to rise gradually and fairly smoothly, the resulting volume effect should be relatively neutral. If the central banks went ahead with this normalisation only very gradually, and after announcing it, which is the most likely scenario, this might also limit the ups and downs on the financial markets.

However, if, for one reason or another, the central banks did not respond to a sustained increase in inflation, their credibility would be undermined, and long-term rates would rise more sharply, while short-term rates would be flat. Demand for both housing and investment loans could be affected, possibly generating a negative volume effect, or a less positive effect than under a gradual approach. The bond and equity markets could experience substantial capital losses.

A bleak scenario to be avoided

In such a scenario, the bubbles would deflate more quickly and the shocks to both bank balance sheets, and the balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of banks’ clients, could be more severe, and have repercussions for bank provisions and trading income. Highly indebted companies and states that failed to prepare for the likely rise in interest rates could suffer even greater consequences.

The central banks therefore play a major role. In order to prevent the forming of excessively large bubbles, even if inflation is contained, sooner or later they should normalise their monetary policies so that nominal interest rates are not left too far below the nominal growth rate for too long.